Capital Punishment And The Death Penalty - 2857 Words

Capital punishment has been an issue that has been debated for quite some time. The expression of, â€Å"an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth† has become the basis for political debate over the past several decades. In the United States alone, capital punishment is currently administered within thirty two of the fifty states within the country. The Federal criminal justice system practices and carries out executions of inmates as well. Traditionally, this category of punishment is carried out to act as a deterrent, and give families and/or citizens a feeling of retribution and incapacitation. The ideology behind the practice of capital punishment is to establish that if a life is taken in malice, then so shall the malicious perish for their deed. Additionally, it is only the federal and state governments whom this authority is permitted to. According to the Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC), the first constitute law for the death penalty was established in t he Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon dating back to 18 B.C. The first recorded execution in America took place in Jamestown, Virginia in 1612. Since 1976, there have been 1,411 individuals who have been put to death under the various federal and state legislations within the United States of America (DPIC, 2015). The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution shapes procedural aspects that govern how a jury may implement the death penalty. This Amendment lays out the guidelines for how the deathShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crime. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and u nusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminalsRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offe nces and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intended, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å" [e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18

Hanging Next to a Picasso free essay sample

Having an older sibling can feel a lot like being the painting that hangs on the wall next to a Picasso. Yeah, sure, the colors of my painting are beautiful in their expressionistic differences, but it’s not like they started the Cubism movement. I have an older sister who I am very fond of, and she returns the sentiments—but sometimes if feels like I am cast in her shadow. It feels like my colors are dimmed because hers came first. Sometimes that is the truth and sometimes it is nowhere near the truth, but just like in art she preceded me, so she was noticed first and had a greater impact. I can vividly remember a moment during my senior year when this very topic was acknowledged and a resolution was even attempted. It was about seven in the evening, steadily warm in the Phoenix air but there was an excited state muddled into it as well. This evening was the night of my high school band’s banquet and as a group we were all swimming in nerves to see who got what awards. I really did not expect to win anything because my sister was usually the one to get awarded for leadership, and to be noticed first because she was the drum major. What I failed to consciously realize was that this year my dear sibling was living in another state and attending another school! I ended up being awarded â€Å"outstanding senior girl,† but that was not what mattered, what mattered was what my band director said when he was making his speech. Among various compliments he said â€Å". . . she seems to have been overshadowed by her older sister. . . â€Å"That phrase was what struck a chord for me. All those years I knew he favored her, but he noticed me enough to give me the best award of my category. He realized that I was being helpful, and improving the band as soon as she was gone and he even verbally addressed the most daunting obstacle overshadowing me—a shadow. As soon as that Picasso was moved to another gallery, my colors shone brighter. An identical phenomenon happened in the theater department earlier that year. Instead of being cast in a chorus or a â€Å"group,† I was actually cast as a supporting lead. My artistic value was noticed because the premonition that â€Å"the older one will be better† had vanished. There was no natural comparison for my school to go by so I ended up playing Titania in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream.† Instead of â€Å"Chorus Girl #2.† To my teacher’s surprise, it turns out that I had different strengths and weaknesses then my sister did, just as a Warhol and a Picasso would. The two beautiful works of art cannot be viewed in the same light, or else their important individual meaning will be lost. Next to Warhol’s work is Cubism even important? Additionally, Picasso’s work did start a monumental movement so it got a bigger reaction than Warhol’s. What Warhol and I have in common though, is colors. Even my schoolwork was more radical than my sibling’s. I used more ideas, and jumped around themgoing whatever way my whims directed me. My colors were brighter than hers, and once my teachers stopped expecting Cubism and started to see the hues I applied, they appreciated our differences. It’s not that one of us was wrong or right, we were just radically different thinkers. One thing that Picasso’s work did do to help out my â€Å"artwork† was prepare an audience. When his breakthrough style was introduced it changed how the viewers saw upcoming works of artand those views would remain changed forever. Before Picasso unveiled his distorted women and various other topics, art was supposed to be realistic, or expressionistic. After the public was taught that this type of art was OK, they accepted things like it into their culture, thus paving the way for fresh ideas and different techniques. In a sense, my sister has done that for me. People know who she is before they know who I am, and they know that she thinks differently than lots of â€Å"normal† people. This sets the stage for how I think, which is different from how other people think, but also different from the mental patterns of my sister. All my teachers (and even some family) got us confused, and constantly compared us to each other, but they also knew we were both brilli ant. They knew that we both would set a certain definition to our graduating class, but they could tell it would be in a different way. I am most fond of the memories belonging to my English class from senior year. My sister feels rather unenthusiastic towards those same memories. We had the same teacher at the same school in the same class, but we approached it differently. She went in to get the work done and her speech and writing were very proper, although her work ethic was lacking. I had a concrete work ethic, and frequently went out on limbs to try and reach a tempting idea that I caught a glimpse of. She was not liked very much by our teacher, Mr. Bloom, but I knew that I was. Just like art, some people liked one of us, or the other, or both, or neither but that only matters to a certain extent. Just as in art, if you get accepted by the public and are then allowed to make your own commentary, and reach for your own ideas in your own style, it does not really matter if your style is favored by an individual (except if that individual is you). Usually we let our teachers expect us to be identical, and then su rprised them as we took ideas from polar sides of the spectrum, blended them with the highest of contrasting colors and presented our works. After all, even an identical print can have its differences from the original. My sister is my dearest friend despite all of our differences. She is very talented and very different from me. I know that the two of us have dissenting sets of skills; different pallets to work from, but we both produce beautiful art for people to think about and enjoy. Picasso and Warhol’s differences are colossally vast, but they are coming from different ideas and different minds, just as my sister and me. You wouldn’t hang â€Å"Les Demoiselles dAvignon† next to â€Å"Four Marilyn’s,† so people shouldn’t view me and my sister like we would be in the same section of an art gallery.

Leadership Style of Jack Welch Essay Example

Leadership Style of Jack Welch Essay If leadership is an art, then surely Welch has proved himself a master painter. Business Week, May 28, 1998. The two greatest corporate leaders of this century are Alfred Sloan of General Motors and jack Welch of GE. And Welch would be the greater of the two because he set a new, contemporary paradigm for the corporation that is the model of the 21st Century. Noel Tichy, Professor of Management, University of Michigan, and a longtime GE observer. Introduction |On September 6, 2001, John Francis Welch Jr. (Jack Welch), Chairman and |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |Chief Executive Officer of General Electric Co. (GE),1 retired after | | |spending 41 years with GE. During the period, he made GE the most | | |valuable company in the world. Analysts felt that, with his innovative, | | |breakthrough leadership style as CEO, Jack Welch transformed GE into a | | |highly productive and efficient company. During Jack Welchs two decades| | |as CEO, GE had grown from a US$13 billion manufacturer of light bulbs | | |and appliances in 1981, into a US$480 billion industrial conglomerate by| | |2000. Analysts felt that Jack Welch had become a deal-making machine, | | |supervising 993 acquisitions worth US$13 billion and selling 408 | | |businesses for a total of about US$10. 6 billion. | | Jack Welch was infact described as the most important and influential business leaders of the 20th Century by some Wall Street analysts and academics alike. [pic][pic][pic] |Management experts felt that Jack Welchs reputation as a leader could | | |be attributed to four key qualities: he was an intuitive strategist; he | | |was willing to change the rules if necessary; he was highly competitive;| | |and he was a great communicator | |The Making of a CEO | | |Jack Welch graduated in chemistry from the University of Massachusetts | | |and in 1959 got a Ph. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Style of Jack Welch specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Style of Jack Welch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Style of Jack Welch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer D in chemical engineering from the University of | | |Illinois. In 1960, he started his career at GE as a Junior Engineer | The Making of a CEO Contd |However, in 1961, Jack Welch decided to quit the US$10,500 job as he was|[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |unhappy with the companys bureaucracy. He was offended that he was | | |given a raise of only US$1000, the same amount given to all his | | |colleagues. He had even accepted a job offer from International Minerals| | |and Chemicals in Skokie, Ill. However, Reuben Gutoff, an executive at GE| | |convinced Jack Welch to stay back. Reuben Gutoff promised that he would | | |prevent him from getting entangled in GE red tape and would create a | | |small-company environment with big-company resources for him. This theme| | |of small-company environment with big-company resources came to | | |dominate Jack Welchs own thinking as the leader of GE. | Jack Welch quickly rose to become the head of the plastics division in 1968. He became a group executive for the US$1. 5 billion components and materials group in 1973. This included plastics and GE Medical Systems. |[pic][pic][pic] |In 1981, Jack Welch became GEs youngest CEO ever (Refer Exhibits I | | |II). His predecessor, Reg Jones said, We need entrepreneurs who are | | |willing to take well-considered business risks and at the same time | | |know how to work in harmony with a larger business entity†¦The | | |intellectual requirements are light-years beyond the requirements of | | |less complex organizations. | | |The Welch Era at GE: 1981-2001 | | |During the first five years as CEO, Jack Welch emphasized that GE should| | |be No. 1 or No. 2 in all businesses or get out of them. | He disposed off the businesses with low-growth prospects, like TVs and toaster ovens. He expanded the financial-service provider GE Capital into a powerhouse. He also entered the broadcasting industry with the acquisition of RCA Corp. , the owner of NBC TV network Jack Welchs Leadership Style |Analysts felt that Jack Welchs profound grasp on GE stemmed from |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |knowing the company and those who worked for it. More than half of his | | |time was devoted to people issues. Most importantly, he had created | | |something unique at a big company Informality. The hierarchy that Jack| | |Welch inherited with 29 layers of management was completely changed | | |during his tenure. Everyone, from secretaries, to chauffeurs to factory | | |workers, called him Jack. Everyone could expect at one time or | | |another to see him. Analysts felt that Jack Welch gave employees a | | |sense that he knew them. Commenting on the informality at GE, Jack Welch| | |said, The story about GE that hasnt been told is the value of an | | |informal place. I think its a big thought | | Jack Welch The Strategist Analysts felt that Jack Welch was focused and analytical. He restructured GEs portfolio from 350 businesses during 1980s down to two-dozen core activities by late 1990s. During his initial years as CEO, he either expanded internally or made acquisitions to position all GEs businesses as either number one or number two in their fields. The planned acquisition of Honeywell, Inc. , which didnt materialize, was expected to redefine GE for the years to come |[pic][pic][pic] |Jack Welch The Leadership Guru | | |After stepping down as the CEO, Jack Welch became an advisor to William | | |Harrison, CEO, JP Morgan Chase. He also entered into an agreement to | | |become a leadership guru to several other clients. He was also named the| | |special partner at New York investment firm, Clayton, Dubilier Rice. | |Jack Welch also authored his autobiography, Jack: Straight from the | | |Gut, which was at the top of the best-sellers list in 2001. Analysts | | |felt that Jack Welchs influence did not end at GE. Many executives who | | |had worked under Jack Welch went on to head more than a dozen U. S. | | |companies |

Free Essays on D-Day

Under Adolf Hitler the German empire extended from Russia to the west, to France on the east. Germany controlled much of Europe except for Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Sweden (Keegan 1). Hitler’s army’s gained control of much of Europe during the years of 1939 through 1941. It was not until December 11th 1941 that Hitler declared war on the United States. Soon afterward, Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed supreme commander in charge of planning the invasion of Europe. American invasion planners were in favor of an attack across the English Channel that would defeat the German army in the west and later, push into the German capital of Berlin. The allied plan would be a land attack, supported by air power and navy. The attack, if successful, would mark the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler referred to his western defenses as the â€Å"Atlantic Wall†(Jennys 1). The British under Prime Minister Winston Churchill, had an invasion plan before the United States got into the war. When the United States entered the war, a plan to attack the German forces from England was talked about again. The Germans knew that they would have to defend their Atlantic Wall, since they knew that an attack would probably come across the English Channel. Even though England was bombed day and night, Germany was unable to defeat them. One major problem in defending the ‘Atlantic Wall† was â€Å"no single supreme German commander in the west† was named to command the army (Badsey 25). Instead, Hitler had two commanders in Western Europe, Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Rundstedt and Rommel could not agree on how best to defend an invasion from England. Rommel believed that the strongest German forces should be positioned a long the Normandy coastline. While Rundstedt believed that the allies would best be defeated by holding back a large central army in an effective counter attack (Jennys 1). ... Free Essays on D-day Free Essays on D-day Under Adolf Hitler the German empire extended from Russia to the west, to France on the east. Germany controlled much of Europe except for Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Sweden (Keegan 1). Hitler’s army’s gained control of much of Europe during the years of 1939 through 1941. It was not until December 11th 1941 that Hitler declared war on the United States. Soon afterward, Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed supreme commander in charge of planning the invasion of Europe. American invasion planners were in favor of an attack across the English Channel that would defeat the German army in the west and later, push into the German capital of Berlin. The allied plan would be a land attack, supported by air power and navy. The attack, if successful, would mark the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler referred to his western defenses as the â€Å"Atlantic Wall†(Jennys 1). The British under Prime Minister Winston Churchill, had an invasion plan before the United States got into the war. When the United States entered the war, a plan to attack the German forces from England was talked about again. The Germans knew that they would have to defend their Atlantic Wall, since they knew that an attack would probably come across the English Channel. Even though England was bombed day and night, Germany was unable to defeat them. One major problem in defending the ‘Atlantic Wall† was â€Å"no single supreme German commander in the west† was named to command the army (Badsey 25). Instead, Hitler had two commanders in Western Europe, Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Rundstedt and Rommel could not agree on how best to defend an invasion from England. Rommel believed that the strongest German forces should be positioned a long the Normandy coastline. While Rundstedt believed that the allies would best be defeated by holding back a large central army in an effective counter attack (Jennys 1). ... Free Essays on D-day In the early hours of June 6, 1944, American, British, and Canadian troops landed on the coast of Normandy to begin Operation Overlord. There were five drop zones who’s code names were Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Americans troops invaded Utah and Omaha Beach. US troops quickly secured Utah Beach while at Omaha Beach things did not go so well. US troops suffered heavy casualties in just a few hours but by nightfall they had managed to clear the bluffs covering the beach. British and Canadian troops were to invade Gold, Juno, and Sword Beach and were met with much less resistance. The preparation for D-Day took a long time. Gathering and transporting tanks on shores and the movement of thousands of men and their weapons proved to be quite difficult. The plan called for almost 6,500 ships and landing crafts, which would land nearly 200,000 vehicles and 600,000 tons of supplies in the first three weeks of the operation. The invasion would also involve more than 13,000 fighters, bombers, and transport planes. D-Day was previously scheduled for May 1, but was postponed to June 5 to make more landing crafts available, but was again moved to June 6. This was because of the bad weather conditions that occurred on June 5. General Eisenhower was named Supreme Allied Commander with General Montgomery as land force commander of Operation Overlord. As the ships traveled across the dark English Channel, men lied crammed on their bunks reading, sleeping, playing poker, and some men dealing with sea-sickness. The German High Commander had no clue about the attack that was about to happen and left for his wife’s birthday. Also, many of his senior commanders were away as well. When the Allies began their invasion, the German response was bewildered and uncertain. They awoke to see the Allied armada coming toward them. More than 1,000 transports dropped paratroopers to secure the flanks and beach exits of the assault a... Free Essays on D-Day INTRODUCTION Imagine if you will. Go back in time to June 5th, 1944 to a place known as England. You’re a British citizen use to hearing the sounds of war. These sounds include heavy transport vehicles, marine vessels and airplanes. It is nighttime and you have suddenly been awakened by louder than normal sounds. You step out of your house for a moment and to your surprise you see in the air, more planes than you ever thought existed. You wipe your eyes and focus on the mass. Through the darkness, you notice U.S. and British planes flying together in formation. This great site of combined military might means only one thing. Invasion! Feelings of pride, hope and cohesion among you and your countrymen replace those of uncertainty, fear and failure. Overjoyed, you return to your house and try to get some sleep. The next morning, June 6th, 1944, you awake extra early, anticipating some kind of national announcement. Just after 9:00am you hear your anticipation. â€Å" Under the command of General Eisenhower, Allied naval forces supported by strong air forces began landing Allied armies this morning on the coast of France.† Moments later the rest of the world knew. Invasion! PLANNING THE INVASION The origination of D-Day planning is thought to have happened in Dunkirk in 1940. Winston Churchill had had a meeting with Lord Louis Mountbatten. There, Churchill requested Mountbatten to begin planning for a distant offensive. Russia and America joined forces with Britain, what was once a distant offensive wasn’t quite so distant after all. In January 1943, Churchill met with Roosevelt at Casablanca to appoint Gen. F.E. Morgan as joint staff of COSSAC, Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. The choice of a Supreme Commander would come later. For six months COSSAC studied the coasts of Europe, Allied/German forces that might be joined in battle, and technical details of the project. From this intense...

The importance of developing management skills Essay

The importance of developing management skills - Essay Example Secondly, managerial skills can be described as being controllable since the execution of these behaviours is normally under the individual’s control. Unlike institutional practices such as cognitive activities like â€Å"transcending fear† or â€Å"selectively hiring† skills can be deliberately improved, practiced, restrained or even demonstrated by people themselves. Furthermore, skills may definitely engage other individuals and need cognitive work; nevertheless, they are behaviours that can be controlled by people themselves. Thirdly, management skills can be developed leading to enhanced performance. Unlike definite temperament or personality aspects or IQ that remain comparatively invariable throughout life, people can improve their proficiency in skill performance via feedback and practice. People can advance from being less competent to more competent in management skills-with this being the fundamental goal of this paper.Fourthly management skills can be said to be overlapping or interrelated and it is hard to display just one skill in isolation from the rest. Thus skills are not repetitive, simplistic behaviors, but instead are integrated sets of complicated responses. Efficient managers must particularly depend on skills combination so as to accomplish desired outcomes. For instance, so as to efficiently inspire others, such skills as supportive communicating, self-awareness, influence, as well as empowerment may be needed. Efficient managers, therefore, institute a collection of skills.

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example In order to ensure that the production process is strategically aligned to the supply chain, it must be aligned to market demand. For this reason, organizations undertake the process of production planning and scheduling which involves optimizing the output level. This is the output level that takes into account sales and production capacities of the company. Production planning and scheduling enables the management to organize the production facilities in such a manner that they are able to capitalize upon customer wants and market demand to the highest possible extent (Grimson and Pyke 325). Because customer wants change and market demand fluctuates, production has to be flexible. For this reason production planning and scheduling is a key success factor when it comes to building and maintaining a competitive supply chain. As mentioned before, production involves a transformation process from raw materials to finished goods. Production involves managing this transformation in such a manner that production capacities are capitalized upon to the best extent possible taking into account market demand. For this reason, production planning and scheduling are related to strategic decisions. ... Therefore the management has to invest in production equipment that not only incorporates the latest technology, but can also produce goods according to total quality management. Production planning and scheduling enables the management to meet the objective of maintaining state-of-the-art production facilities which can meet market expectations. Production ensures product availability according to forecasted sales. When the customer order is received, the production process must start immediately. Production planning ensures that the required production capabilities are maintained in the long term. Production scheduling ensures that the optimum volume of output is available in order to maximize the profitability of the company. Supply Supply can be defined as the process of defining the balance between capacity and quality. When considering supply, the management must assess whether the production facilities are able to maintain product quality that maximizes company profitability. As mentioned before, the production process must occur according to market demand. This ensures product availability. However this incorporates quality as well. This is taken into account in supply considerations. In this case, the management considers whether the company’s production facilities can meet the quality requirements economically. If it takes too much investment to ensure quality, then this drives up the cost of supply and therefore profitability is reduced. So considering supply forces the management to take into account the production capacity for ensuring product availability at the lowest possible cost. As mentioned before, production is the transformation from raw

Understanding the concept of Separation of Church and the State from a Historical Perspective Essay Example for Free

Understanding the concept of Separation of Church and the State from a Historical Perspective Essay Controversy, disputes, and misconceptions surround the public’s understanding of the concept of the separation of the church and the state.   Most people think that this concept is a modern invention of man which started in the 18th Century.   They say that Thomas Jefferson is â€Å"the primary architect of the American tradition of separation of church and state.† (Thomas Jefferson and the Separation of Church and the State† 1) It must however be stressed that the concept of separation of church and the state had its origin in the Bible.    The New Testament says â€Å"render to Caesar the things that are Caesars and to God the things that are Gods.   During the Medieval era, it was believed that God metaphorically handed down two swords as a symbol of authority: the spiritual sword and the temporal sword. The spiritual sword was bestowed upon the Pope while the temporal sword was entrusted to the civil magistrates such as the emperors, kings and dukes.   It was believed that the civil law was subordinated to the ecclesiastical rule and the purpose of the separation is to protect the church’s eminence against the intrusions of the state.   Thus, Pope Boniface VIII in 1302 states that: â€Å"We are taught by the words of the Gospel that in this Church and in its power there are two swords, a spiritual, to wit, and a temporal. [B]oth are in the power of the Church, namely the spiritual and [temporal] swords; the one, indeed, to be wielded for the Church, the other by the Church; the former by the priest, the latter by the hand of kings and knights, but at the will and sufferance of the priest. For it is necessary that one sword should be under another and that the temporal authority should be subjected to the spiritual† (John Whitte Jr. 3)      During the 17th Century, however, the public had become witnesses to the religious conflict and incessant bickering between different religions, or more particularly, Protestants and Catholics.   Because of this ‘War of Religion’ a crisis of authority had developed.   The public did not know what to believe and whom to believe anymore. As a result, Locke advocated the principle of Separation of the Church and the State which will later on be considered as ‘the source for the founding principles of the United States’ (Chuck Braman 1).   Locke came to the conclusion that the prevailing conflict was due to the religious dogmatism which was imposed and adopted by the State.   He argued that the proper response on this problem was not the imposition of a single religion to be dictated by the State and the suppression of other religions also by the State. Locke proposed that the State should confine itself to civil concerns and leave the matters of religion to the church.   He advocated religious neutrality on the part of the state and vice versa.   He argued that the state’s function should be confined to the protection of life, liberty and property.   This function is especially important when man tries to go against the State of Nature, which is a state of equality between individuals and tries to impose themselves against the other. Locke also proposed that the church must make itself separate and distinct from the state.   In his â€Å"Letter Concerning Toleration†, Locke thought that the church is simply a voluntary society of men joining themselves together of their own accord in order to the public worshipping of God in such manner as they judge acceptable to Him, and effectual for the salvation of their souls.† (John Whitte Jr 4) At present, the concept of separation of church and the state is based on the principle of respect between the two powerful institutions.   The separation is not one of hostility but an understanding that their union will only lead to the destruction of the state and the degrading of the church.   Separation of the Church and the State is now guaranteed under the Free Exercise Clause and the Establishment Clause. The Free Exercise clause renders unconstitutional any act of the government that prohibits a particular religion.   The Establishment Clause, on the other hand, protects against any act of the state that promotes a particular religion.   The religious freedom has for its purpose â€Å"the protection of liberty of conscience of the public, freedom of religious expression, and religious equality.† (John Whitte Jr., 12) Conclusion Our present understanding of the Separation of Church and the State has completely evolved. If in the past, the church advocated the principle of separation because of the competing interest between the two powerful institutions.   Nowadays, the principle of separation is essentially based on respect and it has been extended to include protection of the faithful. Thus, the concept of separation of church and state has been expanded to include the prohibition against the state allocating government funds for the establishment or support a particular religion, the prohibition against requiring the teaching of a particular religion in schools or imposing religious tests in the exercise of civil and political rights and the prohibition against religious officials utilizing on government sponsorships or funding for their religious exercises   Cited Works Braman, Chuck.   The Political Philosophy of John Locke and Its Influence on the Founding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fathers and the Political Documents They Created. 1996. 13 June 2008.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.chuckbraman.com/Writing/WritingFilesPhilosophy/locke.htm. â€Å"Thomas Jefferson and the Separation of Church and State.† 13 June 2008.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://candst.tripod.com/tnppage/qjeffson.htm Whitte, John Jr.   Facts and fictions about the history of separation of church and state.   Journal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Church and State. 1 January 2006.   12 June 2008.