Social Hysteria in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay example -- Shir

Social Hysteria in The Lottery Tradition is a central theme in Shirley Jackon's short story The Lottery. Images such as the black box and characters such as Old Man Warner, Mrs. Adams, and Mrs. Hutchinson display to the reader not only the tenacity with which the townspeople cling to the tradition of the lottery, but also the wavering support of it by others. In just a few pages, Jackson manages to examine the sometimes long forgotten purpose of rituals, as well as the inevitable questioning of the necessity for such customs. The black box represents virtually the only part of the original ritual that has been preserved since the lottery began. It is there not only to hold the papers that will be drawn, but also to represent to the townsfolk the tradition. The black box is constructed of pieces of the original box, a link to the time when the purpose of the lottery was clear. Most of the old custom has been forgotten: wood chips have been replaced with paper slips, and on one can remember the recital and ritual salute that had previously been part of the lottery; but the o...

The structure and development of curriculum

The construction and development of course of study involves many characteristics, including how it is organised, the ends to be achieved in instruction, procedures of instruction, larning and appraisal, and eventually how it the course of study will provide for the hereafter scholars. We will detect how the course of study model is broken into these classs to organize the construction and development. Department of Education and Training ( 2008 ) Queensland course of study criterion demands province â€Å" All schools are required to develop and keep up-to-date course of study programs in audience with the school community. This planning ensures that appraisal, instruction and coverage match the intended course of study. † ( Department of Education and Training, 2008 ) Curriculum planning is divided into three degrees in schools, whole-school course of study, plan the sequence of larning across all twelvemonth degrees, program each twelvemonth degree, term and unit. The cours e of study procedure is to educate scholars, develop accomplishments and cognition so they will be able to lend within society. To specify course of study in footings of a papers which includes inside informations about ends or aims, content, learning techniques, rating and appraisal is the cardinal values that represent educating. The Department of Education and preparation of Queensland ( 2008 ) states the course of study is â€Å" all the planned acquisition that is offered and enacted by a school. † The model of Queensland course of study includes a acquisition environment, resources, learning attacks and schemes, appraisal and plans methods, values relationships, and behaviors between equals and instructors. All these elements are linked and supply the experiences that contribute to scholars larning. â€Å" A good course of study has each of these elements aligned so that intended acquisition is what is assessed and what pupils achieve. † ( Department of Education and Training, 2008 ) .Therefore, this papers attempts to widen the focal point on specifying a specific position on what a scholar can carry through under the counsel of school acquisition. Curriculum is organised through range and sequencing. Scope refers to the degree and the agreement of the course of study elements that occur across topics, while, sequence refers to the interrupting the content and acquisition experiences into manageable stairss to ease acquisition over a period of clip. Example of range and sequence used in schools is the grammar range and sequence which each twelvemonth degree will cover a selected component of grammar. Year two ( 2 ) instructors teach larning elements of nouns, by placing appellative words, word edifice with nouns, and twelvemonth six ( 6 ) will utilize the elements of complex genitive nouns, introduce abstract and common nouns. The range considers the procedures or accomplishments that occur in topics. Scoping is structured how topics are taught through activities or incorporating units. Scope and Sequence provides information for instructors about the literacy genres, numeracy chances and demands, and possibilities for utilizing ICT in the acquisition plan for each of the Key Learning Areas in each twelvemonth. By utilizing the range and sequence administration it allows instructors to concentrate chiefly on the intended course of study, supplying support for instructors on what to learn, how to learn it and how to measure it. Therefore, leting instructors to do the most of larning in their category. â€Å" The sequences for each Key Learning Area outline nine old ages of schooling. In peculiar, the learning descriptions sketching what is indispensable for pupils to cognize, understand and be able to make by the terminal of Old ages 3, 5, 7, and 9 are critical for future acquisition and progress.. † ( Department of Education and Training, 2008 ) Within each of the eight Key larning Areas: English, Health and Physical Education, Languages other than English ( LOTE ) , Mathematics, Science, Studies of Society and Environment, Technology and The Arts there is a sequence, statements depicting what indispensable acquisition is to be addressed within the Queensland Curriculum. Using the range and sequence acquisition depict what the scholar does as a consequence of the acquisition chances and environment hence provides a consequence, or result of the learning procedure: The construction of the Queensland course of study relates to several theoretical accounts of course of study, the process-based theoretical account affecting consecutive stages of course of study design and development relates to Tyler ‘s theoretical account of course of study, which includes aims followed by content or acquisition experiences, so utilizing a method or organizing larning experiences such as range and sequencing, and eventually rating or appraisal. But, the Queensland model of course of study besides relates to Skilbeck ‘s theoretical account because â€Å" A course of study that maximises the acquisition of all pupils is one that recognises and celebrates diverseness and engages all pupils in intellectually disputing larning experiences. It provides pupils with clear guidelines on what they are larning and how they will be assessed. It involves a scope of learning schemes to run into different larning demands and explicit learning to scaffold pupils â⠂¬Ëœ larning so that they develop and consolidate the needed cognition and accomplishments to run into the awaited hereafter demands of work and citizenship. † ( Department of Education and Training, 2008 ) Skilbeck ‘s Situation theoretical account examines the chief context and needs that continues throughout the procedure of development and execution of plans hebdomadal or day-to-day instruction. The consideration of these factors stairss in the course of study procedure of state of affairs analysis, end preparation. plan edifice, reading and execution and feedback, appraisal & A ; Reconstruction. Skilbeck ‘s theoretical account, to the full considers the ‘situation ‘ or context of the course of study holding external factors and internal factors. The external factors includeCultural and societal alterations outlooks and alterationsRelationships between grownups and kids, community premises and valuesEducational system demands e.g. policy statements, appraisal processsChanging nature of capable affairSupport systemsExpected flow of resourcesInternal FactorsStudents pupil: aptitudes, abilities and educational demandsTeachers values, attitudes, accomplishments, cognition, experience, particular strengths and failings, functionsSchool ethos and constructions and decision-making construction, power sharingResourcesProblems and defects in the bing course of studySchool communityThe intent or end of instruction is to advance instruction and acquisition construction within a schoolroom and or school environment, is to do the most of a scholars ‘ acquisition and support scholars to accomplish their full potency. That larning experiences connect with bing cognition and accomplishments, pupils educational learning encourage a deeper apprehension and that scholars can link purposeful. The rules found in the Model policy provinces â€Å" Quality course of study maximizes each pupil ‘s educational potency All instruction and acquisition should be founded in the belief that, with good instruction, the right support and sufficient clip, every pupil can develop cognition, accomplishments and understanding to accomplish at higher degrees. Teachers need to believe in their pupils as scholars, have high outlooks, and see themselves as responsible for bettering the learning accomplishment of their pupils. † ( Department of Education and Training, 2008 ) The development of the course of study involves a course of study for all learning facets of the indispensable ways of working and knowledge guaranting that scholars are engaged with acquisition and develop their cognition and apprehension. â€Å" This includes advancing excellence through a course of study that supports all pupils to develop a deep apprehension of of import capable affair and the rational tools and schemes to believe for themselves and to pull off their ain acquisition † ( Department of Education and Training, 2008 ) . Curriculum engages scholars with schemes to develop sound apprehension. Teachers using these larning activities will steer scholars, to work towards constructing on their cognition, by using, explicating, interpretation, and processing. Guaranting that a scholar will accomplish and take part within their acquisition is an intended portion of the course of study. Teaching and larning patterns within a school environment promote the pupil to maximize their educational potency. Through good instruction, back uping scholars, it will help with the developing their cognition and apprehension. .Therefore, scholars are prosecuting with support and scaffolding between each other to derive farther apprehension, guaranting that the cirrculum provides pupils the key tools and schemes to believe for themselves and larn how to pull off their acquisition. The quality appraisal of pupil acquisition is an go oning class of action of roll uping relevant informations to find what a scholar knows, understands and reflect on country of the course of study that need support. The rules of appraisal require appraisal be applicable, and should supply dependable information on the scholars accomplishments. Students should cognize what they have to larn and what the standard or criterion will be set for assessment undertakings. Learners showing their high order of thought, they can use their new accomplishment to other contents. By supplying feedback, it will supply scholars to reflect on their acquisition and place different stairss to better. Assessment is to reflect on the apprehension of their acquisition. â€Å" Achievement of the intended course of study including the quality or criterion of accomplishment, assessment patterns should besides play an educative function for pupils, enabling them to reflect on their acquisition -particularly misconceptions and spreads in their cognition – and take some duty for their ain ongoing acquisition † . ( Department of Education and Training, 2008 ) . This new coevals has wholly different larning manners these demands should be considered in schoolroom instruction ; engineering plays an built-in portion within today ‘s society. Learners are prosecuting larning to suit with new engineerings. â€Å" The course of study should reflect and construct on the digital literacy ‘s that pupils already have. † ( Department of Education and Training, 2008 ) Therefore, in decision, schools course of studies make the critical part to the pupil ‘s hereafter, wellbeing, prosperity, and societal society accomplishments. The course of study needs to work towards developing capablenesss, every bit good as accomplishing outcome ends in the gaining of specific cognition. The course of study must travel beyond merely schooling foundation of instruction ; these accomplishments are farther required in the workplace, community and recreational milieus. The course of study is one manner to anchor the construct of life-long acquisition in a cognition society. Quality instruction and acquisition patterns within a school environment promote the pupil to maximize their educational potency. Through good instruction, back uping scholars, it will help with the developing their cognition and apprehension. .MentionsBrady L: Kenndy, K. ( 2007 ) . Cirriculum Construction ( 3rd ed. ) . Pearson Education Australia.Department of Education and Training. ( 200 8 ) . Department of Education and Training. Retrieved March 10, 2010, from P-12 Curriculum Framework: hypertext transfer protocol: //education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/framework/p-12/index.htmlMarsh, C. ( 2003 ) . Cardinal Concepts for understanding cirriculum. New York: RoutledgeFalner.Nicholls, A.. Nicholls, H.. ( 1978 ) . Developing a cirriculum. London: Biling & A ; Sons Ltd.Queensland Studies Authority. ( 2010 ) . Queensland Studies Authority. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.qsa.qld.edu.au/

Essay on Arizona Statehood and Constitution - 2153 Words

Running head: Arizona Arizona Statehood and Constitution Monica Williams Grand Canyon University: POS 301 November 20, 2011 Arizona Statehood and Constitution Part I: Arizona Statehood It is quite a remarkable journey that Arizona embarked upon to make it the forty-eight state of the United States of America. On February 14, 2012 it became an integral part of this new found world of democracy and freedom. Along with its vast cultures and heated temperatures, the architectural design of the city is a pure reflection of the inhabitants who were established here before to make it their own homeland. This essay will examine the road to statehood and analyze the events to make Arizona become a state. The Preterritorial Period†¦show more content†¦because the need for access to the Pacific Ocean for trading. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe was signed. For 15 million, Mexico ceded more than one-third of its territory and the U.S. acquired all of Arizona north of the Gila River (McClory, 2001). Unfortunately, southern Arizona still was in control by Mexico, which included Tucson. Arizona and New Mexico became one territory called the Territory of New Mexico. Soon after, the United States paid another 10 million for 30,000 square miles of the Mexican territory that included Tucson. Congress thought the purchase was meaningless because it was just desert land. The Gadsden Purchase gave the final boundary that Arizona has today. In 1860, along with the constitution, a governor and other elected officials were established. That was unfortunately short lived because of the Civil War. In 1862, Union troops entered the state and placed it under martial rule, this action furth er delayed Arizona’s official admission as a state (McClory, 2011). The Territorial Period Congress finally pushed for Arizona to have separate territorial status because of the discovery of precious metals. On February, 24, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Organic Act, which officially created Arizona’s territory (McClory, 2001). The first official governor, John Goodwin, took the oath of office on December 29, 1863. Prescott became the capital in 1864, then to Tucson (1867), then back to PrescottShow MoreRelatedThe Arizona Constitution Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesArizona Constitution Arizona gain statehood on February 14, 1912 as the forty-eighth state in the union. There were several events that led Arizona to statehood. President William Taft vetoed the first document for Arizona to become a state because he did not believe that citizens should use recall to remove judges from office (SU, 2008). This essay will give a detail timeline of the events leading up to Arizona becoming a state and the adoption of the Arizona Constitution. Also, included in thisRead MoreArizona’s Historical Development2438 Words   |  10 Pagesdates back to thousands of years ago. Arizona holds the second largest amount of indigenous/ Native American population of any other state in the United States. One of the first groups of people to live on Arizona’s land was the Native Americans, or otherwise called the American Indians. These Natives came much before any of the Europeans, or the Spanish settlers came to Arizona. There were three main Native American groups that tr uly began the exploration of Arizona. These groups include the AnasaziRead MoreThe Statehood of Hawaii1704 Words   |  7 Pagesforeigners failed until 1959 when Hawai’i declared Statehood. The United States Government and its political leaders celebrated along with a small portion of native islanders but sadden and dismayed the majority of native people felt it’s island being stolen away from them; wept in sadness and anger knowing the Hawaiian Monarch and its culture was diminishing. As of this day there are many native Hawaiians and local groups who believe the Statehood of Hawai’i is false and Hawai’i was stolen from itsRead More A Historical Overview of Womens Suffrage Movement in US and Arizona2272 Words   |  10 PagesA Historical Overview of Womens Suffrage Movement in US and Arizona 1. An Overview Of Womens Suffrage Movement In The United States The women’s suffrage movement achieved victory with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution in 1920. For the first time in more than 110 years, women were given the right to vote. However, nine states at this time already guaranteed the women’s vote. At this time, all nine states lay west ofRead MoreThe Expansion Of Slavery During The 19th Century1410 Words   |  6 Pageswhite and free workers, such as immigrants. The second example will be the Constitution itself that protected, acknowledged, and rewarded slavery. Constitution gave the power to local states on decisions of enslavement. The compromise states that the national government would not interfere with this peculiar institution. However, the national government did not just simply stay out of it and acted neutral, the Constitution gave federal protection to slavery. Active federal protection was affirmedRead MoreHawaii Is No Other Than Hawaii936 Words   |  4 Pagesowners. The Democrat ic Party then dominated the islands. In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and signed into law by President Dwight. D Eisenhower. It excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood. In 1794, Hawaii is under Great Britain protection by Vancouver. Hawaii have its first constitution in 1840. Hawaii joined the union in August 21, 1959 as the last state to joined the United States of America. Prior to 1959, Hawaii was a territory of the United States and was a non-self-governingRead MoreThe Women s Suffrage Movement Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesdecades, women struggled to gain their suffrage, or right to vote. The women’s suffrage movement started in the decades before the Civil War, and eventually accomplished its goal in the year of 1920 when the 19th Amendment was ratified into the U.S. Constitution. After the U.S. Civil War, the women’s suffrage movement gained popularity and challenged traditional values and sexism in the country; the increase of progressive social values benefited the women suffragists by allowing them to succeed in passingRead MoreThe Election Of 1844 Pitted James Polk1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Oregon Territory. Fundamenta lly, that was jointly administered by the United States and British in Canada. Polk’s supporters also wanted the immediate annexation of Texas as well as expansion into the Mexican-claimed territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Clay, too, favored expansion, but at a slower rate. He also hoped to avoid war by negotiating with Mexico and Britain for the land America wanted. The election was close, but in the end Polk won. In the last days of his administrationRead MoreHawaii History3113 Words   |  13 Pagesforced the king to promulgate what is known as the Bayonet Constitution. The impetus given for the new constitution was the frustration of the Reform Party (also known as the Missionary Party) with growing debts, spending habits of the King, and general governance. It was specifically triggered by a failed attempt by KalÄ kaua to create a Polynesian Federation, and accusations of an opium bribery scandal.[note 1][8] The 1887 constitution stripped the monarch y of much of its authority, imposed significantRead MoreCompromise of 18501566 Words   |  7 Pagesfamous resolution which constituted the basis of the ultimate compromise. His compromise (as subsequently modified in Congress) contained a number of key provisions: that California be admitted as a state with a free-soil (slavery-prohibited) constitution; that the remainder of the new annexation be divided into the two territories of New Mexico and Utah and organized without mention of slavery; that the claims of Texas to a portion of New Mexico be satisfied by a payment of $10 million; that more

Identifying Signs Of A Language And Communication

Abstract Students were observed in a classroom setting for the purpose of identifying signs of a language and communication disorder. Speech, reading and writing skills were examined to identify areas of atypical development and to determine the appropriate formal assessment needed to further evaluate the student exhibiting a language deficit. A correlation between problems with expressive oral and written language was noted on observation. Possible intervention strategies are discussed to help a student with language deficits succeed. Keywords: expressive language, syntax, articulation, semantics Language and Communication Deficits Students with speech and language disorders often have difficulty with speaking, reading and writing.†¦show more content†¦He states that his mother doesn’t have time to help him. Reading is not encouraged at home and Daniel spends his days watching television or playing video games according to his own admission. Daniel is a friendly, active child that likes to socialize with his teachers and peers. He is extremely affectionate and compassionate towards other students often trying to console any student who is upset or ill. Daniel is eager to help other students and is concerned for their well-being. Daniel’s medical forms are on file with the school and document no hearing deficits. On his Individualized Education Program or IEP, Daniel has a diagnosis of Other Health Impairment, specifically attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The core features of children with ADHD include hyperactivity, impulsivity, and in attentiveness (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). George is a nine-year-old typical male in the same class as Daniel with average speech and language development. George comes from an English speaking family and resides in Staten Island, New York. George lives with his biological parents and his older sister. He is reading at a fourth grade level and writing at a high third grade level. George speaks easily and communicates his ideas. He can read a variety of genres and is able to summarize a story in his own words. He can write a response to literature using proper grammar and spelling. George does not display any errors with articulation, fluency or voice.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Deaf Movement at Gallaudet University: Deaf President Now1332 Words   |  6 Pagesyears, had gone by the hearing worlds dogma: oral communication, based on print-centered literacy, had always been strongly insisted upon, and manual, visual communication discouraged (if it was allowed at all). The reasoning was that if deaf people were to function and communicate, they must do so as if they can hear; if they cant get along in the hearing world, they cant get along at all, and knowing the dominant (hearing) cultures language, doing well with its literacy, is the key to gettingRead MoreThe Reflective, The, And The Constructionist Approach Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pageswhich meaning is produced and exchanged by constantly using language, signs and images between members of a culture. Representation is the production of the meaning of the concepts in our minds through the signifying practice such as language. Out of three different representation theories (i.e., the reflective, the intentional and the constructionist), the constructionist approach believes meaning is constructed in and through language and proposes a complex and mediated relationship between thingsRead MoreChildhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder1715 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch on CAS within the last few years, and children undergoing evaluations at an earlier age who are now being identified. CAS may have always been present in these numbers but undiagnosed or identified. An additional concern and consideration in identifying CAS is the concern that due to increases in awareness CAS may be over-diagnosed and inflate the numbers of individuals diagnosed with CAS. Childhood Apraxia of Speech is difficult to diagnose. The main areas to focus on when evaluating and diagnosingRead MoreAssessment And Intervention Of Print Knowledge1705 Words   |  7 Pagesliteracy levels can be varied and sometimes non-existent. Print knowledge is an early construct of literacy development pivotal to latter literacy achievement. Print knowledge can be defined as the â€Å"understanding of the forms and functions of written language and the names and features of the alphabet† (Pratt et al., 2015, p.570). Much research is provided concerning curriculum development of print knowledge for typically developing students. However, little research is available regarding print knowledgeRead MoreDr Sue Savage Rumbaugh s Language Experiment Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesin the ranking of primates. The definition of language can be used to determine the accuracy and validity of linguist, Chomsky’s claim. Language can be verbal as well as physical. It is the way by which we communicate, it is therefore a social tool. Communication is the exchange of information. Types of communication include speech, writing, facial expressions and sign language. In this essay I will particularly focus on Dr Sue Savage-Rumbaugh’s language experiment with Kanzi the bonobo, a relativeRead MoreEvaluation Of A Speech Language Pathologist ( Slp )1397 Words   |  6 Pagesthe classroom due to their fragile health (McDonald et al., 2013). Overall, there is a wide range of academic challenges a child with this syndrome may experience that will require support in the classroom to promote effective learning. A speech-language pathologist (SLP) may face many challenges while working with a student with 22q11.2 DS. These include: variety of deficits presented in this syndrome, social-cognitive deficits, verbal instruction, and prevalence of hearing loss. It is importantRead MoreEymp 5 Support Children’s Speech, Language and Communication.1278 Words   |  6 PagesEYMP 5 Support children’s speech, language and communication. 1.1) Explain each of the terms: †¢ Speech – The act of speaking, verbal communication. The act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings or ideas by articulate sounds or words. †¢ Language – Method of communication either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conventional way. A recognised structured system of gestures, signs and symbols used to communicate. Body of words and the systems for theirRead MoreCommunication And Social Care Communication1169 Words   |  5 PagesOxford Dictionary defines communication as â€Å"The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium †. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour . The Collins Dictionary defines it as the imparting or exchange of information, ideas, or feelings . The Business Dictionary’s definition of communication paints a bigger picture ofRead MoreCU2650 Support Individuals with Specfic Communication Needs1465 Words   |  6 PagesCU2650 Support Individuals with Spec ific Communication Needs 1.1 The importance of meeting a service user’s communication needs is very important. In my job role I need to communicate with people all the time. First and foremost the service user I am supporting, but there are also their family and friends, who are likely to be involved in the personal support plan. The way in which I communicate will be different depending on the service user I am communicating with and the purpose of whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Graphic Design Theory By Thames Hudson1517 Words   |  7 Pageswith communication models, we understand that models help us understand what we perceive and also help us understand how out thinking works. Models have an impact on the way we anticipate and respond as well. The book gives the example of the universe and about how it comprises of the idea of the earth as a sphere and about how it spins on an imaginary axis and revolves around the sun. This theoretical assumption helps us to come up with predictions of climate, seasons, light and dark. Language is

The Major Factors That Led Rome and the Hellenistic...

6. What were the major factors that led to clashes between Rome and the Hellenistic kingdoms, down to 146 B.C.? Can one decide what proportion of the responsibility for these clashes belongs to Rome, to the Hellenistic great powers (the Antigonids, Seleucids and Ptolemies) and to the minor players? This essay will what were the major factors that led to clashes between Rome and the Hellenistic kingdom, down to 146 B.C. A brief history of Rome’s increasing involvement in the Hellenistic area starting with its wars with Hannibal of Carthage and how the Hellenistic Kingdoms of Antigonids, the Seleucids and the Ptolemies and several other minor powers in the area came to be after the death of Alexander. The essay will focus on the†¦show more content†¦The three main successors forged dynasties that lasted a couple of centuries until they all were defeated or came under the sway of Rome. Rome fought three wars with Carthage called the Punic wars, these wars were fought between 264B.C. and 146B.C. (First 264-241B.C., Second 218-202B.C., Third 149-146B.C.) The first two Punic wars were essentially defensive wars for Rome especially the second where Hannibal in command of the Carthaginian forces crossed the Alps and attacked mainland Italy, the Romans were able to repel Hannibal and his army, Hannibal was eventually defeated by the famous General Publius Cornelius Scipio and pushed back to North Africa and Carthage. The second war reduced Carthage to nothing but a city state, but Rome still feared that Carthage could rise once again to its former military might and with the third Punic war; Rome razed Carthage to the ground, slaughtering or enslaving its inhabitants. â€Å"At the sight of the city utterly perishing amidst the flames Scipio burst into tears, and stood long reflecting on the inevitable change which awaits cities, nations, and dynasties.† Rome and the Hellenistic kingdoms fought four wars called the Macedonian wars between 215B.C. and 146B.C. and wars signalled the first clashes between Rome and the Hellenistic kingdoms. The first Macedonian war was fought between Rome and Philip V of Macedon of the Antigonid kingdom and was brought about as a cause of revenge. In 216B.C. Philip V

The Role of Youth in Realizing Dreams of Abdulkalam Free Essays

A computer network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. The physical connection between networked computing devices is established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Youth in Realizing Dreams of Abdulkalam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Network devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes. [1] Nodes can include hostssuch as servers and personal computers, as well as networking hardware. Two devices are said to be networked when a process in one device is able to exchange information with a process in another device. Computer networks support applications such as access to the World Wide Web, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications. The remainder of this article discusses local area network technologies and classifies them according to the following characteristics: the physical media used to transmit signals, the communications protocols used to organize network traffic, along with the network’s size, its topology and its organizational intent. The communication media used to connect devices to form a computer network include electrical cable (HomePNA, power line communication, G. hn),optical fiber (fiber-optic communication), and radio waves (wireless networking). In the OSI model, these are defined at layers 1 and 2 — the physical layer and the data link layer. A widely-adopted family of communication media used in local area network (LAN) technology is collectively known as Ethernet. The media and protocol standards that enable communication between networked devices over Ethernet is defined by IEEE 802. Ethernet encompasses both wired and wireless LAN technologies. Wired LAN devices transmit signals over cable media. Wireless LAN devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a transmission medium. Wired technologies[edit] The order of the following wired technologies are, roughly, from slowest to fastest transmission speed. Twisted pair wire is the most widely used medium for all telecommunication. Twisted-pair cabling consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs. Ordinary telephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs. Computer network cabling (wired Ethernet as defined by IEEE 802. ) consists of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reducecrosstalk and electromagnetic induction. The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second. Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twi sted-pair (STP). Each form comes in several category ratings, designed for use in various scenarios. Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other work-sites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire surrounded by an insulating layer (typically a flexible material with a high dielectric constant), which itself is surrounded by a conductive layer. The insulation helps minimize interference and distortion. Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second. ITU-T G. hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network. An optical fiber is a glass fiber. It uses pulses of light to transmit data. Some advantages of optical fibers over metal wires are less transmission loss, immunity from electromagnetic radiation, and very fast transmission speeds of up to trillions of bits per second. One can use different colors of lights to increase the number of messages being sent over a fiber optic cable. Wireless technologies[edit] Main article: Wireless network Terrestrial microwave – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low-gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart. Communications satellites – Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth’s atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in geosynchronous orbit 35,400 km (22,000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals. Cellular and PCS systems use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area. Radio and spread spectrum technologies – Wireless local area networks use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. IEEE 802. 11 defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology. Infrared communication can transmit signals for small distances, typically no more than 10 meters. In most cases, line-of-sight propagation is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices. A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs. [6] Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 18,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. 3]Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802. 15. 1, but the standard is no longer maintained. The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. [4]To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG. [citation needed]A network of patents is re quired to implement the technology and are licensed only for those qualifying devices. Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced ‘ko. ?ks), is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the design in 1880. [1] Coaxial cable differs from other shielded cable used for carrying lower-frequency signals, such as audio signals, in that the dimensions of the cable are controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to function efficiently as a radio frequency transmission line. Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. Its applications include feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, computer network (Internet) connections, and distributing cable television signals. One advantage of coax over other types of radiotransmission line is that in an ideal coaxial cable the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only in the space between the inner and outerconductors. This allows coaxial cable runs to be installed next to metal objects such as gutters without the power losses that occur in other types of transmission lines. Coaxial cable also provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference. Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance,electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or â€Å"light pipe†,[1] to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. [2] The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information or energy by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimetre; these are calledmicrowaves. This part of the radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1. gigahertz (GHz) to 30 GHz. TMicrowaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the m icrowave band a very large nformation-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can. Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and indeep space radio communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy. ese correspond to wavelengths from 30 centimeters down to 1. 0 cm. Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that uses wireless (usually, but not always radio waves) for network connections. It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business) installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. [1] Wirelesstelecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure. [2] Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecom vendor Ericssonin 1994,[2] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Wi-Fi, also spelled Wifi or WiFi, is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet wirelessly using radio waves. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any â€Å"wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE)802. 11 standards†. [1] However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term â€Å"Wi-Fi† is used in general English as a synonym for â€Å"WLAN†. Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Allianceinteroperability certification testing successfully may use the â€Å"Wi-Fi CERTIFIED† trademark. A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video-game console, smartphone, digital camera,tablet or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles — this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. How to cite The Role of Youth in Realizing Dreams of Abdulkalam, Papers

Mathematics free essay sample

Mathematics is a subject that I have thoroughly enjoyed throughout my school years. The challenge of thinking and the process of logic always attract me to Mathematical problems, however difficult and regardless of the form in which they come. My aptitude towards mathematics aroused because of its simplicity, that as long as you follow the right steps in a systematic order, you will reach the correct answer. At the same time, the challenge which it provides, with its complex yet logical questions, makes it highly addictive for me. My appreciation of Maths has slowly matured over the years and my A+ in both Maths and Additional Maths in Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (Malaysian Certificate of Education) gave me enough self-confidence to take on the challenge of A-level Mathematics. In terms of my intended degree, my most useful applied module is Statistics, as I have seen its importance and regular usage in Actuarial Science and because I am fascinated at how convenient it can be to handle and process figures so that they may be manipulated to produce a feasible mathematic model. We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My obsession with numbers remained limited to writing pads, until I read about John Nash, the American mathematician, who invented his famous Nash Equilibrium, a very integral part of economic and financial systems across the world. It is from this point on I became increasingly fascinated by how numbers can directly or indirectly affect humans, and, for this reason, I wish to pursue a career in Actuarial Sciences. I imagine myself fully capable of coping with the level of sophistication and amount of thinking involved in mathematical and other related courses in the universities. I have enjoyed studying Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics at AS Level, and achieved percentage uniform mark of 100 in all three subjects. Chemistry and Physics have helped me solve problems with a more planned and analytical approach. As I see it, a single difference in the electrons of an atom, or a slight change in the magnitudes of gravitational forces, can drastically alter the way proceeding mechanisms are affected. I too, in a similar sense wish to be a part of a positive change with slight forward steps at a time. I quite enjoy activities which involve physical exertion of any kind. Other than football and badminton, I am usually found playing basketball. I am an avid fan video games. I play games to release stress, though owing to self-discipline, I never get addicted. The reason I wish to study in Hong Kong, and not other countries is the chance of interacting with people from all around the globe in a friendly and safe environment. I believe learning about other cultures, and the outlooks which come from these places, will greatly help me to think in moderation, with an increased appreciation towards several traditions and practices. Besides, I have chosen to study in HKU for its teaching reputation and in the hope that it will build effectively on my British-style education here in Malaysia; the contrast between an upbringing in the 3rd world country and life as a student in the 1st world country will hopefully inspire me to make the very best of this opportunity. I trust that in due time I will have developed the necessary skills and experience to have what it takes to tackle the course but as far as confidence goes, I am passionate about my career choice.